Phycology January 31, 1990

Altered state

Suggestibility: degree to which people can be susceptible to hypnosis (very few people)

Age regression possibly be aged regressed to trauma experience.

Post hypnotic Suggestion - reduce anxiety ( relaxed to x-m)

- effective after hypnosis

Pain Perception: Surgery under hypnosis

Disassociation between different levels of conscious

Erenst Hilgand

Experiments - pain - (hand in bucket cold - hand will turn red and white without pain

Different level consciousness (with laughing gas) painful and know it - but know the intensity.

be aware of pain but do not feel it.

 

Drugs and Consciousness

A. Hallucination, illusion and dillusion

1. Hallucination - perception of something that is not physically present

2. Illusion: Misinterpretation of something real.

psychotics have auditory (wind, hear wolf)

3. Delusion = misperception of beliefs

B. Tolerance: amount of drug needed to achieve a stoned level or to maintain a high

C. Withdrawal: stopping of administration of a drug wether psychological or physiological

D. Addiction: psychological -> mind needs

physiological -> body needs

E. Psychological dependence. -

psychological addiction on something

F. Depressants, Stimulants and hallucinations

e.g. Heroin, Barbiturates.

1) Depressants -> opium, Alcohol, morphine, physiologically slower central nervous system, very physiologically addictive

2) Stimulants -> benzidine - speed, crack, cocaine and not physiologically addictive by psychologically addictive

Stimulants stimulate the central nervous system.

3) Hallucinogen -> Mescaline, L.S.D., Grass

mind altering drugs not addictive

Grass = THC = Tetrahydrocannabinol = not addictive

L.S.D. Lysergic acid diethylamide not addictive in the classical sense. If taken by people with problems can amplify problems.

Near death experience;

People pronounced death or near death experience a utopic feeling

and are no longer fearful of death

anoxia -> lack of O₂

Alcohol and alcoholism

- Beer 3000 BC in Egypt

- Alcohol distilled 800 AD

Alcoholic = individual whose drinking impairs his health, personal relationships and job

- an alcoholic effects 6 to 10 other people, ex: family, coworkers, spouse

- alcohol associated with 50% of all murders

- alcohol associated with 40% of all assaults

- alcohol associated with 30% of all rapes

- alcohol associated with 30% of all suicides

12 yrs shorter life span

.08% alcohol level in the blood is legally drunk

.15 - .12 drunk

.55 - .66 almost dead

(1) Pre-alcoholic = person who drinks occasionally and to relive stress and tension

(2) Prodromal = Drink mor often and sometimes blackout not knowing how you got to bed. Get defensive drink alone

(3) Crucial = loss of control, intoxicated, socially isolated decrease in friends, decreased sex drive. defensive, hide bottles

(4) Chronic = loss of tolerance, one sip and drunk again. Trouble thought development. permeant brain damage.

(Psychoses: actual brain damage)

Karsakoff's syndrome = memory loss and loss of time and place

IS= Change in behavior as a result of experience

Stimulus = anything that can be perceived by body

e.g. Light hitting our body

Response = reaction or behavior of person or animal

Innate reflex = is something not learned, (like a blink)

E.B. Twitmwyer = conditioned Response.

- studied digestive system of dogs

food -> starvation in certain glands

- Psychic Stimulation = dogs salivary glands were stimulated by the sound of Pavlov's approaching footsteps, leading to salivation.

- footsteps directly to salivation is learned

Stimulus = food response = salivation

- Condition = Learning

food = unconditioned Stimulus UCS

Salivation = unconditioned response UCR

therefore -> UCS -> UCR

therefore when footsteps(CS) lead to Salivation (CR) = a conditioned response

is an example of classical conditioning

1) More frequent pairing of footsteps (NS) and food (CS) the stronger the conditional response (CS)

2) NS immediately before UCS - faster learning

3) NS parred after - no C.R.

4) Extinction -> Acquisition (CS + UCS) then CS alone

4) Spontaneous Recovery = after extinction it takes very few pairings of ucs. and cs to produce the same response, recovery of C.R.

5) Biological Constraints = Garcia (1966) Exp on ->

Prepared - no learning - reflexive a response.

Unprepared - animal learns from experience

Contraprepared - no matter what you do animal won't learn anything

5) Prepared, no learning (or reflexive) (shock)

Unprepared, all situations where you can teach an animal to respond as of a learning experience

(ex. Bell(NS) -> Shock(UCS) - Jump

Prepared = (Ex. Give rat Saccharin (NS) -> injection of drug (UCS)

->sick cs->cr

Contra prepared = Saccharin (NS) + Shock (UCS) -> Jump (UCR)

a rat cannot connect the saccharin cannot learn

6) Discrimination and Generalization

Did Pavlov's dog discriminated against different bells.

recognition of smell of mother and feeding

So = if no discrimination = generalization